C++ Operators
1. Arithmetic Operators:
These operators perform basic arithmetic operations.
+ (Addition): Adds two operands.
- (Subtraction): Subtracts the right operand from the left operand.
* (Multiplication): Multiplies two operands.
/ (Division): Divides the left operand by the right operand.
% (Modulus): Returns the remainder of the division of the left operand by the right operand.
Example:
int a = 5, b = 2;
int sum = a + b; // sum = 7
int difference = a - b; // difference = 3
int product = a * b; // product = 10
int quotient = a / b; // quotient = 2
int remainder = a % b; // remainder = 1
2. Relational Operators:
These operators are used to compare two values.
== (Equal to): Checks if two operands are equal.
!= (Not equal to): Checks if two operands are not equal.
> (Greater than): Checks if the left operand is greater than the right operand.
< (Less than): Checks if the left operand is less than the right operand.
>= (Greater than or equal to): Checks if the left operand is greater than or equal to the right operand.
<= (Less than or equal to): Checks if the left operand is less than or equal to the right operand.
Example:
int x = 5, y = 10;
bool isEqual = (x == y); // false
bool isNotEqual = (x != y); // true
bool isGreater = (x > y); // false
bool isLess = (x < y); // true
bool isGreaterOrEqual = (x >= y); // false
bool isLessOrEqual = (x <= y); // true
3. Logical Operators:
These operators perform logical operations.
&& (Logical AND): Returns true if both operands are true.
|| (Logical OR): Returns true if at least one operand is true.
! (Logical NOT): Returns true if the operand is false and vice versa.
Example:
bool condition1 = true, condition2 = false;
bool resultAnd = (condition1 && condition2); // false
bool resultOr = (condition1 || condition2); // true
bool resultNot = !condition1; // false
4. Assignment Operators:
These operators assign values to variables.
= (Assignment): Assigns the value of the right operand to the left operand.
+=, -=, *=, /=, %= (Compound Assignment): Performs the operation on the variables and assigns the result to the left operand.
Example:
int a = 5, b = 2;
a += b; // Equivalent to a = a + b; // a = 7
a *= 3; // Equivalent to a = a * 3; // a = 21
5. Increment and Decrement Operators:
++ (Increment): Increases the value of the operand by 1.
int counter = 10;
counter++; // Increment by 1 // counter = 11
counter--; // Decrement by 1 // counter = 10
6. Conditional (Ternary) Operator:
? : (Conditional Operator): Provides a concise way of writing an if-else statement.
int x = 5, y = 10;
int result = (x > y) ? x : y; // result = 10
7. Bitwise Operators:
These operators perform bitwise operations on integers.
& (Bitwise AND)
| (Bitwise OR)
^ (Bitwise XOR)
~ (Bitwise NOT)
<< (Left Shift)
>> (Right Shift)
Example:
int a = 5, b = 3;
int bitwiseAnd = a & b; // 1
int bitwiseOr = a | b; // 7
int bitwiseXor = a ^ b; // 6
int bitwiseNot = ~a; // -6
These are the fundamental operators in C++. Understanding how to use them is essential for writing effective and expressive code. Keep in mind the order of precedence and associativity when using multiple operators in a single expression.